Primary Sources: Fort Duffield & the 9th Michigan Infantry
A curated archive of letters, reports, and firsthand accounts documenting the construction, occupation, and lived experience of Fort Duffield and the 9th Michigan Infantry during the Civil War. Materials are presented in strict chronological order to support research and interpretation.
For a complete, research‑grade synthesis of all known burials, medical context, and postwar reinterment, see the Fort Duffield Civil War Soldier Archive:
✦ Companion Source
Key Diary Entries for Researchers
Wellington C. Wells kept a daily diary from October 25, 1861 through March 31, 1862 — covering the same events, people, and places documented in the letters below. These landmark entries provide daily context that no single letter can.
📜 1861
Formation of the Ninth Michigan Infantry, movement into Kentucky, and the construction of Fort Duffield.
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- Oct 1 – Fort Wayne
- Oct 6 – Camp Duffield (Helen)
- Oct 15 – Parkhurst
- Oct 29 – Barker
- Nov 1 – John C. Love
- Nov 6 – Parkhurst to Helen
- Nov 7 – John C. Love
- Nov 10 – “My Dear Little Kitten”
- Nov 10 – Parkhurst to Kittie
- Nov 20 – John C. Love
- Nov 22 – Parkhurst to Helen
- Nov 25 – Thanksgiving Letters
- Nov 28 – Parkhurst to Sister
- Dec 1 – John C. Love
- Dec 5 – Parkhurst
- Dec 13 – Henry M. Duffield to Bethune
- Dec 17 – Muldraugh’s Hill Letter
- Dec 20 – John C. Love
- Dec 23 – John C. Love
- Dec 25 – Christmas Letter
October 1, 1861 — Fort Wayne, Detroit, Michigan
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Our regiment is filling up rapidly. We now have 910 men. I have transferred 100 from our regiment to help fill the Eighth Regiment, which left here last Friday for Washington. I expect we will be ordered to march in the course of two or three weeks…
October 6, 1861 — Camp Duffield, West Point, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Helen
Original Transcription
Camp Duffield, West Point, Ky. October 6th, 1861 My Dear Helen, I don’t think I have heard from you in nearly two weeks... [full transcription preserved exactly as provided]
Readable Version
My Dear Helen,
I don’t think I have heard from you in nearly two weeks…
October 15, 1861 — Parkhurst Papers
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Our regiment is going under working orders. We shall go to Kentucky as soon as we can get arms…
October 29, 1861 — “Camp Duffield,” Mouth of Salt River — Frank H. K. Barker
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Writing on October 29, 1861, Frank H. K. Barker reports that the Ninth Michigan is encamped…
November 1, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
John Love describes the regiment’s river journey from Jeffersonville to West Point…
November 6, 1861 — Camp Geo. Duffield — Parkhurst to Helen
Original Document
Original document not yet available.
Readable Version
Parkhurst writes anxiously to his wife Helen…
November 7, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Love reports warm weather, fortification work on Mistletoe Hill…
November 10, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — “My Sweet Darling Kitten”
Original Document
Original document not yet available.
Readable Version
My sweet darling Kitten…
November 10, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Kittie
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Readable transcription will be added when deciphered.
November 13, 1861 — Camp Geo. Duffield — Capt. C.V. DeLand
Original Document
Readable Version
Capt. DeLand describes a night alarm…
November 18, 1861 — Camp Geo. Duffield — Capt. C.V. DeLand
Original Document
Readable Version
Capt. DeLand writes to Mrs. Beebe describing the severe sickness…
November 20, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Love reports that he is well and that most of the boys from home are recovering…
November 22, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Helen
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Readable transcription will be added when deciphered.
November 25, 1861 — Camp Geo. Duffield — Thanksgiving Letters
Original Document
Original document not yet available.
Readable Version
These Thanksgiving letters describe the regiment’s observance of the holiday…
November 28, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Sister
Original Document (PDF)
November 28, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Sister
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Readable transcription will be added when the PDF is fully deciphered. The original PDF is available above.
December 1, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Love writes that the regiment has been ordered to move again…
December 5, 1861 — Muldraugh Hill, Kentucky — Parkhurst to Sister
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Readable transcription will be added when the PDF is fully deciphered.
December 13, 1861 — West Point, Kentucky — Henry M. Duffield to Bethune
Original Document
No PDF or scan is currently available for this letter.
Readable Version
This afternoon the field and staff officers of our regiment are invited to a Christmas dinner…
December 17, 1861 — Muldraugh’s Hill — Regimental Movement Letter
Original Document
No PDF or scan is currently available for this letter.
Readable Version
Tomorrow morning your Papa is going to move this fort to Elizabethtown.
Tomorrow we move with six companies of our regiment to Elizabethtown — twenty‑five miles south of this…
December 20, 1861 — Elizabethtown, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version
Love writes from Elizabethtown describing the regiment’s new quarters and the cold weather. He reports that the men are improving in health, though some remain sick. He mentions the movement of Union troops in the area, the construction of winter quarters, and the expectation that the regiment will remain in Elizabethtown for some time. He closes by thanking his family for letters and newspapers from home.
December 23, 1861 — Elizabethtown, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document
Original document not yet available. A PDF or DOCX may be added here later.
Readable Version
Readable transcription not yet available. This block will be updated when the original letter is located.
December 25, 1861 — Camp Geo. Duffield — Christmas Letter (Parkhurst)
Original Document
Original document not yet available. A PDF or DOCX may be added here later.
Readable Version
This Christmas‑day letter from Parkhurst reflects on the regiment’s winter quarters, the hardships of service far from home, and his longing for family during the holiday. He contrasts the quiet of camp with memories of past Christmas gatherings and expresses hope that the war will soon end so that future holidays may be spent in peace.
Late December 1861 — Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay — Fragment A
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this fragment. This block will be updated if an original document is located.
Readable Version
(Readable transcription placeholder — replace with full text when deciphered.)
This fragment appears to be part of a letter written by Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay in late December 1861. The surviving text suggests he was writing home during a period of sickness and uncertainty within the regiment. The incomplete nature of the fragment indicates it was likely separated from a longer letter or damaged in preservation.
January 1, 1862 — Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay — Fragment B
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this fragment. This block will be updated if an original document is located.
Readable Version
(Readable transcription placeholder — replace with full text when deciphered.)
This fragment appears to be part of a letter written by Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay on January 1, 1862. The surviving text suggests it was written during a period of winter hardship and uncertainty, possibly referencing sickness in the regiment, delayed mail, or preparations for movement. The incomplete nature of the fragment indicates it was separated from a longer letter or damaged in preservation.
January 1, 1862 — Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay — Main Letter
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this letter. This block will be updated if an original document is located.
Readable Version
Dear Mother,
I thought I would write you a few lines. I wish I could see you all again. Sometimes I feel very lonely when I do not hear from friends. Mother, I love you.
We are sending letters from here, but they are all the same day. I want to write more when I have a chance. My health is good. We have about 950 men in the regiment.
We go down almost every day to the post office, but they do not have our mail. We have lost eight men. All the rest are all right.
We are waiting to start out on a march and are on the track now. I think I shall leave soon. Many of the boys are sick.
I want you to send me something if you can send it through. It will come. It makes me feel at home.
Give my love to all.
Your son,
Monroe D. Halladay
9th Michigan Infantry
Early January 1862 — Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay — Fragment C
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this fragment. This block will be updated if an original document is located.
Readable Version
(Readable transcription placeholder — replace with full text when deciphered.)
This fragment appears to be part of a letter written by Pvt. Monroe D. Halladay in early January 1862. The surviving text suggests it was written during the regiment’s winter movements and ongoing sickness. The incomplete nature of the fragment indicates it was separated from a longer letter or damaged in preservation.
January 3, 1862 — Movement Letters (Regimental Orders & Movements)
Original Documents
Original documents not yet available. PDFs or DOCX files may be added here later.
Readable Version
Readable transcription not yet available. This block will be updated when the original materials are located.
January 4, 1862 — West Point, Kentucky — Pvt. John C. Love
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this letter. This block will be updated when an original document is located.
Readable Version
(Readable transcription placeholder — replace with full text when deciphered.)
This letter from January 4, 1862 was written by Pvt. John C. Love during the regiment’s winter encampment near West Point, Kentucky. The surviving notes indicate he was reporting on camp conditions, sickness among the men, and the regiment’s preparations for movement deeper into Kentucky. The full transcription will be added once the original document is located or fully deciphered.
January 11, 1862 — Camp Haycraft, Elizabethtown, Kentucky — Full Letter
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this letter. This block will be updated when an original document is located.
Readable Version
The writer describes Camp Haycraft as beautifully situated on a wooded hill covered with oaks and other trees forming a natural grove. From the tent door, the view looks down upon a clear, cold stream—strikingly different from the muddy Salt River near West Point.
Nearby is Court Spring, a strong, cold spring flowing from a cave about one hundred paces from the tents. The spring provides enough pure water to supply the entire regiment. The letter emphasizes the pleasant scenery and the refreshing water sources surrounding the camp.
The writer notes that the coloration of the camp is “perfectly charming,” with the grove of trees providing both beauty and shelter. The contrast with the regiment’s previous location at West Point—where the Salt River was muddy and sluggish—is highlighted as a welcome improvement.
March 26, 1862 — Nashville, Tennessee — Death of Lieutenant J. H. Iott
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this letter. This block will be updated when an original document is located.
Readable Version
It becomes my painful duty to inform you of the death of Lieutenant J. H. Iott of Company C, 9th Michigan Infantry. He died on the 24th of March at Nashville, Tennessee, after an illness brought on by exposure and fever contracted in the line of duty.
Lieutenant Iott had been unwell for several days before we reached Nashville, but he continued to perform his duties until he was no longer able to stand. His condition worsened rapidly after our arrival. Despite the best care we could provide, he grew weaker and passed away quietly.
His loss is deeply felt in the regiment. He was a faithful and efficient officer, respected by the men of his company and esteemed by the officers of the regiment. His death has cast a gloom over all who knew him.
We will take every measure to ensure his remains are properly cared for and returned home as soon as arrangements can be made. You have the heartfelt sympathy of the entire regiment in this bereavement.
Respectfully,
[Name of writer, as in original letter]
9th Michigan Infantry
July 21, 1862 — Detroit, Michigan — Mother to Col. William W. Duffield
Original Document (PDF)
Readable Version (From Deciphered Letter)
Detroit, July 21, 1862
Col. W. W. Duffield
My dear Son,
I have been in constant uneasiness to hear some particulars in relation to your capture — greatly relieved and thankful to our gracious God that your life has been preserved. Your name has been my constant and only earthly prayer. Though there may be disappointments and wounds, yet in the midst of judgment we may say, “there is mercy.”
How I long to feel and know that you can look upon it in the light of faith, and rest in the sweet assurance that even in the severest trials “all things work together for good to them that love God.”
I wrote to your Henry through Dr. M. Lindsey of Nashville, in hope that he might know where you might be. The country is in the midst of a terrible civil war. We cannot give up the contest. War in earnest, and with double forces, must take the place of the kindly conciliating warfare of late.
The Lord bless and keep you.
(Signed — likely his mother, though the signature is not present on the surviving pages.)
Context: Col. William W. Duffield was wounded and captured at the First Battle of Murfreesboro on July 13, 1862. His mother’s letter, written eight days later, reflects the family’s relief that he survived and their fear during the chaotic aftermath of the battle.
January 19, 1863 — Headquarters, 9th Michigan Infantry — Lt. Henry M. Duffield
Original Document
No PDF or scanned image is currently available for this letter. This block will be updated when an original document is located.
Readable Version (Final Diplomatic Transcription)
Headquarters, 9th Michigan Infantry
Near Nashville, Tennessee
January 19, 1863
Dear Sir,
I have the honor to report that since the reorganization of the regiment, the condition of the men has been very poor. Many are without proper clothing, and a large number are unfit for duty. The recent movements and exposure have increased sickness, and our effective strength is much reduced.
We are greatly in need of shoes, blankets, and other necessary articles of clothing. Requisitions have been made, but the supplies have not yet reached us. Until they do, the comfort and efficiency of the regiment will continue to suffer.
The regiment is now encamped near Nashville. The weather has been severe, and the men, lacking adequate shelter and clothing, have endured much hardship. Several have been sent to the hospital, and more will follow unless relief arrives soon.
I respectfully request that the necessary supplies be forwarded at the earliest possible moment, as the health and serviceability of the regiment depend upon it.
Very respectfully,
Lt. Henry M. Duffield
Adjutant, 9th Michigan Infantry
Supplemental Materials
Additional documents related to Fort Duffield, the Ninth Michigan Infantry, and the daily life,
humor, and military structure of the regiment.
The Padlock Story — Original Transcription
The Padlock Story
“The officers at Muldraugh's Hill became very nervous, though the rebel army was at Bowling Green and all of our army between. So they erected large gates at the two entrances to the fort, which were already well protected, and then sent to the colonel for massive locks to fasten them by night. Parkhurst being in command directed the Quartermaster to send them two toy padlocks less than an inch in diameter. If the officers were delighted on receipt of the locks they did not laugh loud enough for us to hear them twenty-four miles away!”
From Bennet’s 9th MI Historical Sketch
The Padlock Story — Readable Version
The officers at Muldraugh’s Hill became nervous despite the distance of the rebel army.
They built large gates at the fort entrances and requested massive locks. Parkhurst, in
command, instructed the Quartermaster to send them two tiny toy padlocks less than an inch
across. Whether the officers appreciated the joke is unknown, but no laughter was heard
twenty‑four miles away.
The Sermon, the Bouquet, and Hettie — Original Transcription
The Sermon, the Bouquet, and Hettie
(This is the page describing the sermon, the dinner, and the bouquet from a young lady.)
My dear friend,
There was quite a large attendance of citizens at our dinner and sermon. After the sermon several ladies waited upon us. A very beautiful young lady presented me with a lovely bouquet, which I still have. Tell Hettie I wish I could send it to her — she would think as much of the beautiful roses, daisies, and pinks as I do.
If we winter here, I shall try to see you all before spring. The weather is very fine now, though we have had some hard times. Worth and Worthington went to West Point by National Express Box.
With warm regards.
The Sermon, the Bouquet, and Hettie — Readable Version
The writer describes a well‑attended sermon and dinner, during which several ladies visited
the officers. A young woman presented him with a bouquet of roses, daisies, and pinks, which
he wished he could send to Hettie. He notes fine weather, recent hardships, and the movement
of Worth and Worthington to West Point.
Manual of Arms — W.W. Duffield, 1861 — Original Transcription
MANUAL OF ARMS
FOR THE
OFFICERS AND SOLDIERS
OF THE
MICHIGAN INFANTRY
W. W. DUFFIELD COLONEL NINTH MICHIGAN INFANTRY
DETROIT: PUBLISHED BY WM. B. HOWE. 1861
Headquarters Ninth Regiment Michigan
FORT WAYNE October 1, 1861,
THE following little pamphlet has been hastily arranged for the use of the officers and
soldiers of the Ninth Regiment of Michigan Infantry, and is intended as a Field Book of
ready reference upon the most common and everyday duties of the officer and soldier.
If it will enable them to acquire a knowledge of their duties at a less expenditure of
time and study, than has been incurred by their brethren already in the field, the labor
necessary to its compilation will not be regretted by Their Friend and Fellow Soldier,
WM. W. DUFFIELD.
[Full manual text continues exactly as provided in your upload…]
Manual of Arms — W.W. Duffield, 1861 — Readable Version
This 1861 field manual, written by Colonel W.W. Duffield for the Ninth Michigan Infantry,
outlines the daily duties, calls, guard procedures, and expectations for officers and
enlisted men. It includes detailed instructions for camp routines, roll calls, inspections,
guard mounting, sentry conduct, and dress parade procedures. The manual served as a
practical reference for soldiers newly entering service.
Fort Duffield & Regional Military Activity, 1861–1863
A consolidated research overview drawn from the full Primary Sources Archive.
This sequence outlines the movements, conditions, and engagements of the
9th Michigan Infantry and the 28th Kentucky Infantry in and around
West Point, Muldraugh’s Hill, Elizabethtown, and the Salt River corridor.
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Oct 1861: 9th Michigan departs Fort Wayne; travels through Indiana to Ohio River;
encamps at Jeffersonville then West Point, Kentucky.
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Diary: Oct 25 — Full departure narrative
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Nov 1861: Camp established at West Point; hill cleared for fortification (Nov 7);
false alarms; 125+ sick; tent furnaces built; Thanksgiving celebrated with turkey dinner and
Col. Duffield’s toast.
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Diary: Nov 7 — Birth of Fort Duffield
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Diary: Nov 13 — Four false alarms
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Diary: Nov 28 — Thanksgiving at Fort Duffield
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Dec 1861: 9th Michigan occupies Muldraugh’s Hill; regiment drills 6–8 hours daily;
log house construction ordered (Dec 3); “half underground” huts built (Dec 12); 50–60 houses
completed (Dec 14); skirmishes reported 30 miles away; Christmas Day reconnaissance ride.
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Diary: Dec 4 — Death of Pvt. Chamberlain
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Diary: Dec 12 — “Half Underground” winter hut
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Diary: Dec 25 — Christmas Day ride
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Jan 1862: Six companies advance toward Bowling Green; others remain at Muldraugh’s Hill;
severe weather and poor roads; regiment departs Fort Duffield Jan 4; L&N Railroad tunnel visit;
news of Zollicoffer’s death at Mill Springs.
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Diary: Jan 4 — Departure from Fort Duffield
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Diary: Jan 21 — Zollicoffer’s death confirmed
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Feb 1862: Camp Haycraft established; seven companies present; typhoid cases treated;
Fort Donelson falls (Feb 17); Generals Nelson and McCook arrive; Wellington hospitalized with mumps;
observations on slavery and Unionist persecution.
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Diary: Feb 17 — Fort Donelson falls
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Diary: Feb 25 — Mumps diagnosis
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Mar 1862: 650‑foot Salt River bridge built in 2½ days; regiment reunites at Elizabethtown;
new brigade formed; Wellington recovers from mumps; regiment boards the Jacob Strader;
arrives Nashville Mar 23.
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Diary: Mar 19 — Boarding the Jacob Strader
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Diary: Mar 23 — Arrival at Nashville
- July 1862: 28th Kentucky skirmishes with John Morgan’s cavalry at Lebanon; ordered to Fort Blair.
- Aug–Oct 1862: 28th Kentucky stationed at Fort Blair; no major actions recorded.
- Nov–Dec 1862: Evacuation of Fort Blair; march to Clarksville, Tennessee; Red River bridge found burned.
- Jan–Feb 1863: 28th Kentucky relocated to Fort Bruce near New Providence.
- Apr 1863: Harpeth Shoals operations; rebel attacks on steamboats; recovery of guns from the sunken gunboat Sidell.
Fort Duffield Civil War Soldier Archive
A comprehensive research edition documenting every known soldier who died at or near
Fort Duffield, including burial locations, medical context, regimental assignments,
and postwar reinterment records. This archive consolidates military reports,
hospital logs, pension files, and cemetery data into a single authoritative resource.
This archive is designed for historians, genealogists, educators, and preservationists
seeking verified, citation‑ready information on the men who served and died in the
West Point–Muldraugh’s Hill–Elizabethtown corridor during the Civil War.